Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical design. Accurately mapping these voids is essential for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysis, of

Geotechnical exploration methods are essential for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly impact the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as

Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the reco